Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Eremomastax speciosa Against Clinical Pathogens
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Résumé
Background: The rapid emergence of drug resistance necessitates the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Given the public health burden posed by bacterial and fungal infections, this study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Eremomastax speciosa (Acanthaceae), a Nigerian medicinal plant widely used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of microbial infections.
Methods: Air-dried leaves of E. speciosa were pulverized and extracted by maceration using distilled water and 70% ethanol to obtain aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Candida albicans was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were subsequently determined. Phytochemical screening of both extracts was conducted using standard procedures.
Results: Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. At 1600 mg/mL, the ethanolic extract produced larger inhibition zones than the aqueous extract. S. aureus was the most susceptible organism, while C. albicans was the least susceptible. Levofloxacin showed the highest antibacterial activity among the standard drugs tested. MIC values ranged from 6.25 to 200 mg/mL, with C. albicans showing the lowest MIC. MBC/MFC values fell within the MIC range, indicating time-dependent biocidal activity.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that E. speciosa contains bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial potential, supporting its traditional use in managing bacterial and fungal infections
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