Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Levels of Selected Drugs in Water in Lagos, Nigeria
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Pharmaceuticals are discharged daily into the environment through drug manufacturing activities and from human and animal waste. Once in the environment, they are consumed unintentionally by the general population (in sub therapeutic amounts) and may cause human health and ecological adverse consequences over time. This study determined the levels of artemether, diclofenac and ofloxacin in samples from well, borehole and treated tap water in Mushin Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Samples were collected using standard procedures and pre-concentrated by means of solid phase extraction cartridges. Analyses were carried out using HPLC with UV detector and analytes were quantified from standard calibration curves of the three drugs. The results show that artemether and diclofenac were present in borehole water in concentrations of 0.62 and 0.39 mg/L respectively and in treated tap water in concentrations of 0.04 and 0.17 mg/L respectively. Ofloxacin was detected in all three categories of water samples and the concentrations were 0.73, 0.24 and 0.08 mg/L for well, borehole water and treated tap water respectively. It is concluded that the levels of the three drugs in the samples were higher than WHO accepted values and therefore potentially harmful to human health.
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