Nymphaea lotus and Phyllanthus amarus: Thin Layer Chromatography, Alkaloidal Fractions and Antimicrobial Activities on Multidrug Resistant Organisms Associated with Middle Ear Infection
Barre latérale de l'article
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus (ELEPA) and Nymphaea lotus (ELENL) on isolates from otitis media were evaluated using conventional methods, thin layer chromatography and disc diffusion technique. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenes, deoxy-sugar, phenolic and cardiac glycosides were phyto-constituents detected in ELEPA and ELENL. Two alkaloidal components (R1 0.5, 0.3) were detected in ELENL, while only one alkaloidal component of 0.65 retention factors were detected in ELEPA. The results also showed that between 121 (53.7%) to 134 (59.6%), 136 (60.4%) to 153 (68.0%) and 154 (68.4%) to 168 (74.7%) of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to the ELEPA (decoction) and ELENL (decoction) at 20 mgml-1, 40 mgml-1 and 80 mgml-1 concentrations, respectively, Equal ratio by volume of ELEPA and ELENL (concoction) exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity with relatively higher zones of inhibition against all the organisms tested compared to decoction of ELEPA and ELENL. Among the Gram negative bacteria, lowest inhibitory zone (7.7±1.0 mm) was obtained in S. marcescens, while the highest inhibitory zone (18.9±1.7 mm) was
obtained in Enterobacter spp. The results showed that between 47.3% and 62.4% fungal isolates were sensitive to different concentrations of ELENL (decoction) and ELEPA (decoction), between 62.4% and 74.2% fungal isolates were sensitive to concoction of ELEPA and ELENL at different concentrations, while alkaloidal fractions of ELEPA and ELENL were most effective on C. albicans and A. flavus. This study has shown the necessity to consider these potent ethanolic extracts of P. amarus and N. lotus, judging by the antimicrobial activity, for formulation of synthetic drugs against middle ear infection caused by both bacteria and fungi.
Téléchargements
Renseignements sur l'article
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Références
Abu-Zaida, M.E., Mashaly, I.A, AbdEl-Monem, M. and Torky, M. (2008). Economic potentials of some aquatic plants growing in North East Nile delta, Egypt. J. Applied Sci. 8(1):1395-1405.
Akinjogunla, O.J., Adegoke, A.A., Udokang, I.P. and Adebayo-Tayo, B.C. (2009). Antimicrobial potential of Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) against wound pathogens. J. of Med. Plants Res. 3(3): 138-141.
Akinjogunla, O.J., Eghafona, N.O. and Enabulele, I.O. (2011). Aetiological agents of acute otitis media (AOM): Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, beta-lactamase and extended spectrum beta-lactamase production. JMBF, 1(3):333-337.
Castello, M.C., Phatak, A., Chandra, N. and Sharon, M. (2002). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plant parts and corresponding calli of Bixa orellana L. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40: 1378-1381
Cowan, S. (1999). Cowan and Steels Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. (5th Edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London
Daly, A. (1997). Knowledge and attitude about otitis media risk: Implication for prevention. J. Paediatrics. 100 (3): 93-96.
Damoiseaux, R. (2005). Antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media: time to think again. CMAJ. 172 (5):657- 658.
Ebana, R.U.B., Madunagu, B. E. and Etok, C.A. (1993). Anti-microbial effect of Strophantus hipides Secamone afzeli on some pathogenic bacteria and their drug research strain. Nig Jour Bot. 6, 27-31.
Ekpo, M.A., Akinjogunla, O.J and Idiong, D.F. (2009) Microorganisms associated with acute otitis media diagnosed in Uyo City, Nigeria. Sci Res Essay. 4 (6): 560-564.
Etukudo, J. (2003). Ethnobotany: Conventional and Traditional Uses of Plants. TheVerdict Press, Uyo, Nigeria, Pp 191.
Eyob, S., Appelgren, M., Rohloff, J., Tsegaye, A. and Messele, G. (2008). Traditional medicinal uses and essential oil composition of leaves and rhizomes of korarima (Aframomum corrorima (Braun) P.C.M. Jansen) from southern Ethiopia. South Afri Jour Bot. 74: 181-185
Harborne, J.B. (1998). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. (3rd Edn). Chapman and Hall Co., New York. pp. 88-190.
Itzhak, B. and Alan, E.G. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute otitis media and otitis media recurring after amoxicillin therapy. Jour of Med Microbiol., 54:83-85.
Okigbo, R.N. and Ogbonnanya, O.U. (2006). Antifungal effects of two tropical plants extracts Ocimum gratissimum and Afromaomum melegueta on post-harvest yam Discorea spp rot. Afri Jour Biotechnol. 5 (9): 727-731.
Olowosulu, A.K. and Ibrahim, Y.K.E. (2006). Studies on the antimicrobial screening of aqueous extracts of five plants used in folk medicine in Nigeria. West African J. Biol Sc. 3(5): 21-26.
Oluwafemi, F and Debiri, F. (2008). Antimicrobial effect of Phyllanthus amarus and Parquetina nigrescens on Salmonella typhi. Afri Jour Bio Res. 11: 215 – 219
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (2008). Microbiology. (7th edn). McGraw- Hill companies, Inc, New York. Pp 920.
Ravikumar, S., Gnanadesigan, M., Suganthi, M. and Ramalakshmi, A. (2010). Antibacterial potential of chosen mangrove plants against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens. Intern Jour M Medi Sci. 2(3): 94-99.
Siddhanta, A.K., Mody, K.H., Chauhan, V.D., Garg, H.S. and Goel, A.K., (1997). Bioactivity of marine organisms: Part VIII – Screening of some marine flora of western coast of India. Indian J. Experimental Biol. 36: 638- 643.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp.289.
Somchit, M.N., Mutalib, A.R., Ahmad, Z., Sulaiman, M.R. and Norli, S. (2004). In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Cassia tora L. J. Trop. Med. Plants. 5(1): 15-20.
Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (1996). A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. (14th Edn), Bailliere Tindall Ltd., London, pp 60-75.