Comparison of Carotenoids and Vitamin E levels of two varieties of pawpaw (<em>Carica papaya</em>) fruits during ripening
Barre latérale de l'article
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
Carotenoids and vitamin E levels of two varieties of pawpaw (Carica papaya) viz ‘Agric pawpaw’ (oblong shaped) and ‘Local pawpaw’ (pear shaped) were determined at various ripening stages. The carotenoids, lycopene and ? – carotene were present in both varieties and these antioxidants increased from the unripe to the overripe stage during ripening. The overripe stage of ‘Local pawpaw’ (pear shaped) was found to contain the highest levels of lycopene (1.937 ± 0.015 ?g/g fresh weight) and ? – carotene (10.467 ± 0.116 ?g/g fresh weight). The ripe stage of the same variety also had the highest level of vitamin E (13.120 ±1.236 ?g/g fresh weight). These fruits are not only sources of natural antioxidants they also possess provitamin A activity. The unripe and ripe stages of ‘Local pawpaw’ (pear shaped) were higher in lycopene and ? – carotene than that of ‘Agric pawpaw’ (oblong shaped); however, the overripe stage of ‘Agric pawpaw’ (oblong shaped) was higher in vitamin E that in the ‘Local pawpaw’ (pear shaped).
Téléchargements
Renseignements sur l'article
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Références
Afolabi, I.S., Marcus, G.D., Olarenwaju, T.O. and Chizea, V.(2011).Biochemical effect of some food processing methods on the health promoting properties of underutilized Carica papaya seed. Journal of Natural Products. 4:17-24.
Ahmed J., Shivhare U.S. and Sandhu, K.S. (2002). Thermal degradation kinetics of caroteniods and visual color of papaya puree. Journal Food Science. 67: 2692-2695.
Ajila, C. M., Bhat, S. G. and Prasada, R. U. (2007). Valuable components of raw and ripe peels from two Indian mango varieties. Food Chemistry, 102: 1006-1011.
Bast, A. and Haenen, G.R.M.M. (2002) .The toxicity of antioxidants and their metabolites. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 11:251-258.
Bortolotti, S., Boggio, S.B., Delgado, L., Orellano, E.G. and Valle, E.M. (2003). Different induction patterns of glutamate metabolizing enzymes in ripening fruits of the tomato mutant green flesh. Physiologia Plantarum, 119:384-391.
Bramley, P. N. (2002). Regulation of carotenoid formation during tomato fruit ripening and development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53: 2107-2113.
Burns, J., Frase, P. D. and Bramley, P. M. (2003). Identification and quantification of caroteniods, tocopherols and chlorophyll in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. Phytochemistry, 62: 939-947.
Chen, N.J., Manenoi, A. and Paull, R.E. (2007). Papaya postharvest physiology and handling – problems and Solutions. Acta Horticulturae, 740: 285 – 294.
Chovatia, R.S., Varu, D.K., Delvadia, D.V. and Barad, A.V. (2010). Effect of different varieties and age of fruit on papain production in papaya. Acta Horticulturae, 851: 337-342.
Da Silva, C.R., Oliveira, M.B.N., Motta, E.S., De Almeida, G.S., Varanda,L.L., Pádula, M., Leitão, A.C., and Caldeira - de – Araújo, A. (2010). Genotoxic and cytotoxic safety evaluation of papain (Carica papaya L.) using in vitro assays. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology,2010: 1 – 8.
Devitt, L.C., Sawbridge, T., Holton, T.A., Mitchelson, K. and Dietzgen, R.G.(2006). Discovery of genes associated with fruit ripening in Carica papaya using expressed sequence tags. Plant Science 170: 356-363.
Devitt, L.C., Fanning, K., Dietzgen, R. G. and Holton, T. A. (2010).Isolation and functional characterization of a lycopene ?-cyclase gene that controls fruit colour of papaya (Carica papaya L.) Journal of Experimental Botany, 61: 33–39.
Geetha, P. and Thirumaran, A.S. (2010). Increasing the shelf – life of papaya through vacuum packing. Acta Horticulturae, 851: 527 – 532.
Hewitt, H.H., Whittle, S., Lopez, S.A., Bailey, E.Y.and Weaver, S.R.(2000). Tropical Uses of Papaya in Chronic Skin Ulcer Therapy in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal 49: 32-33.
Jaime, A., Teixeira, da S., Zinia, R., Manoel, T.S. and Paula, F.T. (2007).Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Biology and biotechnology. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology , 1(1): 47 – 73
Falk, J. and Munne-Bosch, S. (2010). Tocochromanal functions in plants: antioxidation and beyond. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61:1549-1566.
Gupta, V.K. and Sharma, S.K. (2006). Plants as natural antioxidants. Natural Product Radiance, 5:326-34.
Hamid, A.A., Aiyelaagbe, O.O., Usman, A.L, Ameen, O.M. and Lawal, A. (2010). Antixidants: Its Medicinal and Pharmacological applications. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4: 142-151.
Herrera, E. and Barbas, C. (2001). Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 57: 43-56.
Luo, Y., Tang, H., Wang, X., Zhang, Y. and Liu, Z. (2011). Antioxidant properties and involved antioxidant compounds of strawberry fruit at different maturity stages. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 9:166 – 170.
Okeniyi, J.A., Ogulensi, T.A., Oyelami, O.A. and Adeyemi, L.A. (2007).Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: A pilot study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 10: 194-196.
Pallavi, S., Ambuj, B.J., Rama, S.D. and Mohammad, P. (2012). Reactive Oxygen species, oxidative damage and antioxidative defense conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012:1-26.
Rajesh, K.S., Sharique, A.A., Pravendra, N. and Vidhu, A. (2011). Activation of ethylene-responsive p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase leads to increased tocopherol levels during ripening in mango. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62: 3375-3385.
Rao, A. V. and Rao, L.G. (2007). Carotenoid and human health. Pharmacological Research, 55:207-216.
Rivera-Pastrana, D. M., Yahia, E.M. González-Aguilar, G. A. (2010).Phenolic and carotenoid profiles of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) and their contents under low temperature storage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90: 2358-2365.
Rosenberg , H.R.(1992). Chemistry and physiology of vitamins.Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, pp. 452-453.
Seenivasan, R., Roopa, L. & Geetha, S. (2010). Investigations on purification, characterization and antimicrobial activity of enzyme papain from Carica papaya Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research 3: 1092 – 1095.
Souza, L. M., Ferreira, K. S., Chaves, José B. P., and Teixeira, S. L. (2008).L-ascorbic acid, ?-carotene and lycopene content in papaya fruits (Carica papaya) with or without physiological skin freckles. Scientia Agricola, 65: 246 - 250.
Wayne, W. F., Veazie, P. P. and Julie, K. C. (2002). Quantitative assay for lycopene that utilizes reduced volumes of organic solvents. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 15:309-317.
Yeh , S. and Hu, M. (2000). Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of lycopene in comparison with beta-carotene on oxidant –induced damage in Hs68 cells. Journal of Nutrition Biochemisty, 11:548-554.
Zakaria, H., Simpson, K., Brown, P.R. and Krotulovic, A. (1979). Use of reversed phase HPLC analysis for the determination of provitamin A, carotenes in tomatoes. Journal of Chromatography, 176:109-117