Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Samples of some Edible Vegetable Leaves sold in Samaru Market
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in some selected vegetables bought in Samaru market, Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria. Essential and non-essential heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Ni were investigated in Ugu leaf (Fluted pumpkin), Amaranthus caudatus, and Hibiscus cannabitus leaves by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Plants leaves showed different metal mean concentrations concentration in the range of: Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn, Pb and Ni in Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) were: 0.060, 18.170, 275.670, 12.830, 0.040, and 0.050; in Amaranthus caudatus were, 0.080, 5.000, 128.000, 8.670, 0.040 and 0.900 mg/kg; in Hibiscus cannabitus were 1.100, 8.670, 278.670, 1.530, 0.530 and 0.050 mg/kg and in the soil were 0.060, 18.170, 275.670, 1.530, 0.040 and 0.900 mg/kg respectively. Other heavy metals were present in low quantity. The purpose of this study was to identify each type of metal associated with a given vegetable contaminated by environmental pollution and also to highlight the toxic heavy metals present in these vegetables. Health risk index (HRI) of these heavy metals have been determined on three common edible vegetable samples, only Fe in all the plants analysed exceeded the maximum permissible limit and it has to be monitored in order to prevent high Fe concentration related diseases/ailments. Most of the heavy metals concentrations values obtained were below the permissible limit recommended by WHO/FAO.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Akubugwo, I. E., Obasi, N. A., Chinyere, G. C., and Ugbogu, A. E.. (2007) ‘Nutritional and chemical value of Amaranthus hybridus L. leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria’, African Journal of Biotechnology. Academic Journals (Kenya), 6(24).
Amusan, A. A., Ige, D. V and Olawale, R. (2005) ‘Characteristics of soils and crops’ uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria’, Journal of Human Ecology. Taylor & Francis, 17(3), pp. 167–171.
Balkhair, K. S. and Ashraf, M. A. (2016) ‘Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia’, Saudi journal of biological sciences. Elsevier, 23(1), pp. S32–S44.
Bauddh, K., Singh, K. and Singh, R. P. (2016) ‘Ricinus communis L. a value added crop for remediation of cadmium contaminated soil’, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. Springer, 96(2), pp. 265–269.
Bhat, R. Kiran, K., Arun, A. B., and Karim, A. A. (2010) ‘Determination of mineral composition and heavy metal content of some nutraceutically valued plant products’, Food analytical methods. Springer, 3(3), pp. 181–187.
Duncan, D. B. (1955) ‘Multiple range and multiple F tests’, Biometrics. JSTOR, 11(1), pp. 1–42.
Fytianos, K. Katsianis, G., Triantafyllou, P., and Zachariadis, G. (2001) ‘Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil’, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67(3), pp. 423–430. doi: 10.1007/s001280141.
Goering, P. L., Waalkes, M. P. and Klaassen, C. D. (1995) ‘Toxicology of cadmium’, in Toxicology of metals. Springer, pp. 189–214.
Goswami, A. (2019) ‘Effect of Excess Fertilizers and Nutrients: A Review on Impact on Plants and Human Population’.
Järup, L. Berglund, M., Elinder, C. G., Nordberg, G., and Vanter, M. (1998) ‘Health effects of cadmium exposure–a review of the literature and a risk estimate’, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. JSTOR, pp. 1–51.
Jiang, C. yu Sheng, X. fang, Qian, M., and Wang, Q. ya. (2008) ‘Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal-resistant Burkholderia sp. from heavy metal-contaminated paddy field soil and its potential in promoting plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in metal-polluted soil’, Chemosphere, 72(2), pp. 157–164. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.006.
Kachenko, A. G. and Singh, B. (2006) ‘Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter contaminated sites in Australia’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Springer, 169(1–4), pp. 101–123.
Khan, S. Farooq, R., Shahbaz, S., Khan, M. A., and Sadique, M. (2009) ‘Health risk assessment of heavy metals for population via consumption of vegetables’, World Appl Sci J. Citeseer, 6(12), pp. 1602–1606.
Martin, S. and Griswold, W. (2009) ‘Human health effects of heavy metals’, Environmental Science and Technology briefs for citizens. Center for Hazardous Substance Research Manhattan, Kan, USA, 15, pp. 1–6.
McCluggage, D. (1991) ‘Heavy metal poisoning’, NCS Magazine, Published by The Bird Hospital, CO, USA.
Mensah, J. K. Okoli, R. I., Turay, A. A., and Ogie-Odia, E. A. (2009) ‘Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants used for the management of hypertension by Esan people of Edo state, Nigeria’, Ethnobotanical leaflets, 2009(10), p. 7.
Mielke, H. W. Gonzales, C. R., Smith, M. K., and Mielke, P. W. (1999) ‘The urban environment and children’s health: soils as an integrator of lead, zinc, and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA’, Environmental research. Elsevier, 81(2), pp. 117–129.
Muchuweti, M. Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., and Lester, J. N. (2006) ‘Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health’, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Elsevier, 112(1), pp. 41–48.
Pendias, H. (1992) Trace elements in soils and plants.
Rai, H. S. Bhattacharyya, M. S., Singh, J., Bansal, T. K., Vats, P., and Banerjee, U. C. (2005) ‘Removal of dyes from the effluent of textile and dyestuff manufacturing industry: a review of emerging techniques with reference to biological treatment’, Critical reviews in environmental science and technology. Taylor & Francis, 35(3), pp. 219–238.
Rattan, R. K. Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P. K., Suribabu, K., and Singh, A. K. (2005) ‘Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study’, Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. Elsevier, 109(3–4), pp. 310–322.
Sarma, H. Deka, S., Deka, H., and Saikia, R. R. (2012) ‘Accumulation of heavy metals in selected medicinal plants’, in Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Springer, pp. 63–86.
Shaheen, N. Irfan, N. M., Khan, I. N., Islam, S., Islam, M. S., and Ahmed, M. K. (2016) ‘Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: health risk implications in Bangladesh’, Chemosphere. Elsevier, 152, pp. 431–438.
Shanker, A. K. Cervantes, C., Loza-Tavera, H., and Avudainayagam, S. (2005) ‘Chromium toxicity in plants’, Environment international. Elsevier, 31(5), pp. 739–753.
Shen, C. F., Kosaric, N. and Blaszczyk, R. (1993) ‘The effect of selected heavy metals (Ni, Co and Fe) on anaerobic granules and their extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)’, Water Research. Elsevier, 27(1), pp. 25–33.
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, Fiona M. (2010) ‘Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India’, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(2), pp. 611–619. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.041.
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, Fiona M (2010) ‘Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India’, Tropical ecology, 51(2), pp. 375–387.
Tong, S., Schirnding, Y. E. von and Prapamontol, T. (2000) ‘Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions’, Bulletin of the world health organization. SciELO Public Health, 78, pp. 1068–1077.
ul Islam, E. Yang, X., He, Z., and Mahmood, Q. (2007) ‘Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops’, Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. Springer, 8(1), pp. 1–13.
Waheed, S. and Fatima, I. (2013) ‘Instrumental neutron activation analysis of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia belerica and Terminalia chebula for trace element efficacy and safety’, Applied radiation and isotopes. Elsevier, 77, pp. 139–144.
Wei, X. Gao, B., Wang, P., Zhou, H., and Lu, J. (2015) ‘Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China’, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. Elsevier, 112, pp. 186–192.
Wilson, B. and Pyatt, F. B. (2007) ‘Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation by the Important Food Plant, Olea europaea L., in an Ancient Metalliferous Polluted Area of Cyprus’, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78(5), pp. 390–394. doi: 10.1007/s00128-007-9162-2.
Wu, Y.-G. Xu, Y.-N., Zhang, J.-H., and Hu, S.-H. (2010) ‘Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China’, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. Elsevier, 20(4), pp. 688–694.
Yarnell, E. and Abascal, K. (2006) ‘Herbal medicine for acne vulgaris’, Alternative & Complementary Therapies. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 Madison Avenue Larchmont, NY 10538 USA, 12(6), pp. 303–309.