Evaluation of the in-vitro Combination Effects of Some Common Antibiotics on the Antibacterial Activity of Hippocratea africana Root Extracts in Folkloric Herbal therapy of Infections and Diseases
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antibacterial activities of Hippocratea africana root extracts and their combinations with some standard antibiotics were evaluated by activity index profile (AIP) technique to ascertain the efficacy of such practices in folkloric-herbal therapy of infectious- diseases. Antibacterial activities of aqueous , methanol and ethanol extracts of H. Africana, assessed by agar-well diffusions technique, indicated broad-spectrum of activity significantly (P<0.05) highest for the aqueous than the other extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of the extracts determined by the reference standard agar-dilution technique (ADT, indicated predominantly low MIC values: aqueous (1.57–12.5mg/ml); ethanol (6.25 –25.0mg/ml and methanol (12.5 –25.0 mg/ml) and correspondingly low MBC values, indicating time- dependent bactericidal activities. combination of the extracts with the common standard antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations (I x MIC), assessed by the agar-well diffusion technique, indicated remarkable antibacterial comparable to the single agents. The outcome/nature of the combination empirically determined by the AIP, predominantly showed synergism, few additivity or indifference and no antagonism.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Akunyili, DN and AkubueIP (1995).Handbook of Drug Interactions (1ed).Kelu Printing and Publishing Company, Enugu, Nigeria.Pp 1 – 37.
Baron, JE and Finegold SM (1990).Method of Testing Antimicrobial Effectiveness. In: Bailey Scotts Diagnostic Microbiology (8ed). C. V. Mosby, Missouri, USA. Pp. 171 – 184.
Collins, CH and Lyne A. (1979).Microbiological Methods.(4ed). Butterworth, London.
Ekong, US and Effiong GM (2016). Comparative phytochemistry, in vitroantimicrobial properties and acute-toxicity of Hippocratea africana leave and root extracts. Int Jour. of Advancement in Biosciences, 6 (1): 1 – 13.
Ekong US and Ibezim EC (2015).Evaluation of in vitro interaction of Streptomyces antibiotic-substances and standard antibiotics against sensitive and resistant bacteria by activity index profile.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 12 (2): 2282 – 2296.
Ekong , US, Mgbii AI and Adikwu MU. (2008). Evaluation of the in vitro combination effect of colloidal silver concentrate on the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of the lichen Usneasubfloridans. Nigeria Annals of Natural and Applied Sciences, 8 (1): 1 – 5.
Ekong, US, Mgbor MM, Moneke AN and Obi SKC (2004). Evaluation of the antimicrobial and some pharmacokinetic properties of an antibiotic substance produced by an environmental Aspergillus species SK2, isolated from Nigerian soil. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 18 (1-2); 199 – 206.
Ekong , US and Nnatu, CM. (2016).Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Hippocratea africana root extracts.International Journal of Biosciences, 11 (1): 64 – 74.
Ekong US. Odenigbo NS and Adikwu MU (2010).Effect of colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of the lichen Parmeliaperlata J. of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sci, 7(3): 1030 – 1036
Ekong, US and Ubulum PME (2016). Comparative phytochemistry and in vitro antidiarrhoeal activity of Hippocratea africana leaves and root extracts against clinical bacterial isolates from infectious diarrhoeal patients in Uyo, Nigeria. International Jour. Scientific Innovations and Sustainable Development 6 (1): 12 – 14.
Ekong, US, Ubulum, PME and Akpabio, EI. (2016). Assessment of efficacy of folkoric combination of Nauclealatifolia root extracts with some common antibiotics in herbal therapy of infections.International Journal of Innovations in Medical Sciences, 6 (1): 25 – 32.
Ekong, US, Ubulum, PME and Udo SF.(2015). Evaluation of in-vitro combined antibacterial activity of some commonly used antibiotics of choice against urinary tract infections pathogens by activity index-profile. Nigeria Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 4(2): 12- 21.
Fabricant, DS and Farnsworth, NR. (2001). The value of plants in traditional medicine for drug delivery. Environmental Health Perspective, 109 (Suppl. 1): 69 – 75).
Farombi, ED (2003). African indigenous plants with Chemotherapeutic potentials and biotechnological approach to the production of bioactive propylactic agents. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(2): 662 – 671.
Harbone J. (1981). Phytochemical Methods. Champman and Harbor, London. Pp 41 – 48.
Harter, DP. (1995). Important Drug Interactions. In: Katzung GB (Eds). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology .Appleton –Lange, Connecticutt, USA,. 986 – 94.
Iwu MM (1984). Handbook of African Medical Plants.Boco-Raton, CRCPress.London.
Iwu MM, Duncan AR, Okunji CO (1999). InfectiousDisease. In: New Antimicrobials of Plants Origin. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. 457 – 462.
LampirisHW and Maddix DS.(2004). Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents.In: Katzun GR (eds). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (9ed).McGrawHill, Singapore. 845 – 846.
Lorian, V. (1991).Antibiotics.In: Laboratory Methods UsedTo Assess The Activity Of Antimicrobial Combinations (3ed).Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 434 – 444.
Nigerian National Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA) (2006). Medicinal Plants of Nigeria: South-West Nigeria. Vol. 2, NNMDA, Lagos, Nigeria.
Okokon, J.E., Akpan HD, UmohEE, and EkaidemLS (2011). Antibacterial and antiulcer activities of Hippocrateaafricana. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 24:201 – 205.
Okokon J.E., ItaBN and Udokpoh AE (2006). The in-vitroantimalarial activities of Uvariaechamae and Hippocreteaafricana.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 100 (7): 585 – 590.
Okore V.C. (2009). Principles of Pharm Microbiology (2ed).Ephrata Publishers, Nsukka, Nigeria pp. 196 – 260.
Pearson D.E. (2005). The Chemical Analysis of Plants (7ed.). Churchill Livingstone, New-York, USA.
Rahal J., (1975). Antibiotics combinations: the clinical relevance of synergy and antagonism. Medicine, 57:779 – 795.
Rybak, J. M, and McGrath, J. (1996). Combine antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infections; guidelines for clinicians. Drugs, 52 (3): 309 – 316.
Sabbath, D. and Lorian V. (1997).In vitro tests for Antibacterial Activity of Antibiotics In Combinations. In: Boadi A et.al (eds): The Clinical laboratory As An Aid In Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland USA pp. 196 – 227.
Sande, M.A., Kapusnikuner J.E. and Mandell GL (1990). Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases: Antimicrobial Agents.In: Gilman et al. (Eds). Goodman AndGilmans. The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (8ed).Pergamon Publishing Company, New –York, USA pp.1018 – 1182.
Sofowora, A, (2008).Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine In Africa (3ed). Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria.
Tatro, D.S., (1992).Drug Interactions: In: Herfindelextal. (Eds). Clinical Pharmacology And Therapeutics (5 ed). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA pp. 37 – 44.
Tilton. R.C., and Howard, B.J. (1987). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. In: B. J. Howards (Eds): Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology. C.V Mosby Missouri, USA.Pp 121 – 156.
Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.E. (2002). Pharmacognosy (15ed.).W.B. Saunders Company Limited, London.