Simple Spectrometric Determination of Artesunate and Dihydroartemisinin in Pharmaceuticals using Potassium Iodate and Indigo Carmine as Reagents
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The distribution of counterfeit artemisinin derivatives in sub-Saharan has reached a dangerous level. Based on this, a simple sensitive and reproducible method is developed for the assay of artesunate (ART) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in tablets. The method is based on the reaction of the drug with a known excess of the antioxidant (potassium iodate) in acid medium and thereafter determination of residual antioxidant by reacting with a fixed amount of indigo carmine n and measuring the absorbance at 610 nm. Absorbance is proportional to increasing drug concentration. The method obeys Beer’s law at the range of 0.5 – 5.0 and 0.5 – 6.0 for ART and DHA respectively. The correlation coefficient of the curve generated by least square method was 0.9989 and 0.9996 for ART and DHA respectively. The molar absorptivities were 2.0 x 104 and 2.1 x 104 L/mol/cm and Sandell sensitivity of 0.0192 and 0.013 ?g/cm2 respectively for ART and DHA. Limit of detection and quantification were 0.48 and 1.58, and 1.48 and 1.58 ?g/mL respectively for ART and DHA. The intraday and inter day accuracy (R.E.%) and precision (RSD%) were ? 1.0 ? 2.6 in all cases. The method was statistically compared with an official method via student t-test and Varian Ratio test F-tests and used successfully to evaluate ART and DHA tablet procured in Uyo metropolis. The accuracy of the method was further tested by performing recovering study via standard addition method with excellent necrosis raging ? 99.9 ? 103 and standard deviation of between 1.07 – 1.86 meaning that the excipients have no effect on the performance of the method.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Adegoke and Osoye, A. O. (2011) Derivitization of Artesunate and Dihydroartemisin for colorimetric Analysis using p-methyl aminobenzaldehyde, European journal of Analytical Chemistry 6(2): 104-113.
Ambriose, T. (2012). The tragedy caused by fake antimalarial drugs. Mediterranean Journal of Hermatol infection disease 4(1): e2012027.
Atemkeng, M.A., De Cock K.U. and Plaizer – Vercamen J (2007) Quality control of active ingredient in Artemisinin degrivaline antimalarial within Kenya and DRY Congo. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health. 112(1): 68-78.
Attih, E. E. and Amber (2015) Qualitative methods for the evaluation of Artesunate in Pharmaceuticals using N-Bromosuccinimide as oxidimetric reagent European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences 4(65): 99-105.
Attih, E. E., Usifoh, C, Anah, V and Uwa, T. (2016) Utility of Bromate/Bromide mixture in estimation of dihydroartemisinin in pharmaceuticals. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(6): 91-98.
Attih, E. E., Oladimeji and Johnson, E. C. (2017), optimized and Validated methods for the evaluation of Artemisinin derivative in Pharmaceuticals using redox reactions. Nigerian J. of Pharm. And Applied Science Res. (NIJOPHASR) 6(2): 69-75.
Duew, M.G.B., Metcalfe, T., Discombe, M. J. and Ismail, F. M. D. (2006). Reactions of Artemisinin and artheether with acids implication for stability and mode of antimalarial action, Journal of Med. Chem. 49: 6065-6073. IP (2005) International pharmacopeia. 3rd Edition,
WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. McMichael, A. J., Woodruff R.E. and Hales S. (2006) Climate Change and Human Health Present and Future Risks. Lancet 376(9513): 859-869.
Nayyar, G.M.L., Breman J.G. Newton P.N. and Herrughton, J. (2013). Poor Quality Anti-malarial drugs in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet infection Disease 12 (6): 488-496.
Newton, P.N McGready K., Fernandez, F., Green, M.D. Subjio, M. and Bruneton, C. (2006) Mamslaughbi by fake artesunate in south east Asiawill Africa be next? Plus medicine 3(6) :192.
Newton, P.N., Proux, P., Green M., Smithius, F and Rozendaal (2001) Fake artesunate antimalarial in southeast Asia. Lancet 373: 1948-1950.
Newton, P.N., Dorndorp, A., Green, M.D., Nayyar, M and White, N.J.(2003) counterfeit artesunate in South Asia. Lancet 362:167-169.
Robert, A., Bernot-Vical, Dechi-Cabanet., O., Maurier, O. (2001) From classical multi-malaria drug to new compounds based on mechanism of action of Artemisinin. Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 73(7): 1173-1188.
Rozendaal, J. (2001). Fake Antimalarial Drug in Cambodia. Lancet 357(923)890
WHO (2014). World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme Status Report on Artemisinin Resistance;
http.www.who.int/malaria/areas/dm.resistance