Evaluation of visceral oil from aquaculture african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and giant sea catfish (Arius gigas) sold in Uyo, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Fish oils serves as valuable medicinal drugs and food supplements globally depending on its quality. Analyses of oil present in the viscera of two commonly consumed fish species in Uyo metropolis was undertaken in this study.
Method: The species are Aquaculture african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Giant sea catfish (Arius gigas) and their extracted oils labelled FO1 and FO2 respectively. Specific gravity (SG), Acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), ester value (EV), antioxidant property, refractive index (RI), optical activity (OA) and GC-MS analysis were carried out on the oils.
Results: Results show values of 0.92/0.91 as SG for FO1/FO2, RI values for FO1/FO2 as 1.521/1.551; OA values of FO1/FO2 as -0.130/0; AV of FO1/FO2 as 2.95/ 1.53; SV for FO1/FO2 as 186.25/175.20 (mgKOH/g); PV of FO1/FO2 as 9.00/5.94 (mEq/kg) and EV of 183.30/173.67 (mgKOH/mg) for FO1/FO2. These physicochemical parameters fall within recommended ranges. The DPPH Antioxidant assay showed significant deviation from the standard at P < 0.05 (P = 0.0003). The GC-MS results showed that both FO1 and FO2 contain EPA, DHA, squalene, ?-tocopherol and n-hexadecanoic acid. FO1 in addition contains linoleic acid, cholest-5-en-3-ol-(3?)-carbonochlorinate, a phenol and a dioxolane derivatives. FO2V in addition contains cholesterol, cholesterone and oleic acid.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
FAO/WHO Food Code. Standard for fish oils. 2017; www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius.org
Retrieved 03-05-2020.
Adeniyi OD. Herring fish (Clupea harengus) oil production and evaluation for industrial uses. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2006; 27(4): 537-541.
Valenzuela R, Sanhueza, J, Valenzuela A. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), an important fatty acid in aging and the protection of neurodegenerative diseases, Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics. 2012;1:63-72.
Coronado HM, Vega LS, Gutierrez TR, Garcia FB, Diaz GG. Los acidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6: Nutricion, bioquimica y salud. 2006; 25(3):72-79.
Peterson M, Pedersen H, Major-Pedersen A, Jensen T, Marckmann P. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type-2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10): 1704-1708.
Oelrich B, Dewell A, Gardner CD. Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults. Nutri Metabolic Cardiovasc Diseases. 2013; 23(4): 350-357.
Minihane AM, Miles EA, Madden JM, Clark AB, Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Kofer BM, Lietz G, Curtis, PJ, Mathers JC, Williams CM, Calder PC. Consumption of fish oil providing amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid that can be obtain from the diet reduces blood pressure in adults with hypertension. a retrospective analysis. Journal of Nutrition. 2016;14 (3): 516-523.
Makrides M, Neumann MA, Byard RW, Simmer K, Gibson RA. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina and erythrocytes in breast- and formular-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994; 60(2): 189-194.
Dinan T, Siggins L, Scully P, O’Brien S, Ross P, Stanton C. Investigating the inflammatory phenotype of major depression: focus on cytokines and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2009; 43(4):471-476.
Amminger GP, Schafer MR, Papageorgiou K, Klier CM, Cotton SM, Harrigan SM, Mackinnon A, McGorry, PD, Berger GE. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 67(2): 14 6-154.
Hill AM, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Howe PRC. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85(5): 1267-1274.
Fournier V, Destaillates F, Hug B, Golay PA, Joffrey F, Juaneda P, Semon E, Dionisi F, Lambelet P, Sebedio JL, Berdeaux O. Quantification of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid geometrical isomers formed during fish oil deodorization by gas-liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. 2007; 1154(1-2):353-359.
Haghiac M, Yang X, Presley L, Smith S, Dettelback S, Minium J, Belury MA, Catalano PM, Mouzon SH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces inflammation in obese pregnant women: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. PLoS Journal.pone; 2015;10(9):137.
Zibor VA, Miller CC, Cho Y. (2000). Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by skin epidermal enzyme. generation of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative metabolites. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000; 71(1): 361-366.
Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double-blind randomised, placebo controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet. 1988; 1(8582):378-380.
Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Rhodes PG, Tolley EA. Visual acuity development in healthy preterm infants. effect of marine oil supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993; 58(1):35-42.
Mcnamara RK, Carlson SE. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in brain development and function; potential implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of psychopathology. Postaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006; 74(4-5):329-349.
Richardson AJ, Montogomery P. The Oxford Durham Study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder, Paediatrics. 2005; 115(5): 1360-1366.
Micklebourough TD, Lonescu AA, Rundell KW. Dietary Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma, Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine. 2004;10(6):1067-1075.
Yang H, Xun P, Hey K. Fish and fish oil intake in relation to risk of asthma; a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Journal.pone. 2013; 8(11):1371
Janet AD, Mori TA, Barden A, Taylor AL, Holt, PG, Prescott, SL. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neo-natal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003; 112 (6): 1178-1184.
Kris-Etherton, PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23(2):e20-30.
Cohen S. Dangers of eating farmed fish. Donna-greenville, New York. Gobeyond relief.com/ dangers-of-eating-farmed fish/ online.2014; Retrieved January 25th 2020.
https://www.crownflourmills.com. (Retrieved 30-06-2020. 13.46).
British Pharmacopoeia, BP. Published by the British Pharmaceutical Society Press, London. 2015; p1502.
US Pharmacopoeia/ National Formulary, USP 32/NF 37. Published by the United States Pharmaceutical press, Volume 2. 2014; p1009.
ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials. Refractive index. 1952; https//www.Astm.com/online. (Retrieved online on January, 2020).
FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group. Food safety associated with products from aquaculture. Technical Report Series. 1999; 883. ISBN: 922120883.
Olaniyi AA, Ogungbamila FO. Experimental Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaneson C. I. Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1st Edition. 1991; p57-58.
Ihekoronye A and Ngoddy P. Integrated Food Science and Technology in the Tropics.1985; Macmillan Education Ltd, 1st Edition. pp58-70, 338-339.