Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del) extract potentiates testicular metabolic stress induced by petroleum-tainted diets in rats

Main Article Content

F. I. Achuba

Abstract

The effect of hydrocarbon adulterated diets on male fertility has been of grave concern to researchers. This study evaluated the effects of bitter leaf methanol extract on petroleum-induced testicular damage. Rattus norvegicus species of albino rats were allotted into six sets. Each set composed six rats. The sets were defined as follows: Set A was rats fed Feed without any treatment; Sets B and C were given feed without treatment and measured doses of bitter leaf extract; Set D was fed unrefined petroleum tainted feed; Sets E and F were given tainted feed and doses of bitter leaf extract used in sets B and C, respectively. After the exposure period, testes were removed from sacrificed animals and clinical investigation carried out. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for data comparison. The results revealed that unrefined petroleum tainted diets meaningfully (P < 0.05) prompted testicular metabolic stress indicators, while significantly (P < 0.05) plummeting the antioxidant defense markers compared to control. Administration of bitter leaf extract was not able to ameliorate altered indices of stress but contributed to increase in testicular metabolic stress. The study concluded that bitter leaf enhanced testicular damage imposed by unrefined petroleum adulterated feed and may possibly have a noxious effect on the testes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Achuba, F. I. (2020). Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del) extract potentiates testicular metabolic stress induced by petroleum-tainted diets in rats. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 8(1), 44–51. Retrieved from https://nijophasr.net/index.php/nijophasr/article/view/275
Section
Articles
Author Biography

F. I. Achuba

Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, PMB 1, Abraka Nigeria

References

Achuba,F.I. (2018a). Role of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract in prevention of renal toxicity induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets in rats. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.002.

Achuba, F.I. (2008b). African land snail Achatina marginatus, as bioindicator of environmental pollution.North-West. J. Zool. 4(1):1–5.

Achuba, F.I. (2018c). Modulation of crude oil induced alteration of oxidative stress indices in rat by red palm oil. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 22(6) 929-932.doi https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i6.15

Achuba F. I.,Ubogu L. A.and Ekute B. O. (2018).Moringa oleifera treatment prevents crude oil tainted diet imposed toxicity in rats.SokotoJ Med Lab Sci 3(3): 99 – 105

Adaramoye, O., Ogungbenro, B., Anyaegbu, O. and Fafunso, M. (2008).Protective effects of extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina, Hibiscus sabdariffa and vitamin C against radiation-induced liver damage in rats. J.Radiat. Res. 49:123-131

Adesanoye, O.A., and Farombi, E.O. (2010).Hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia amygdalina (astereaceae) in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride.Exp.Toxicol.Pathol.62(2):197-206. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.008

Adesanya O.A., Shittu L.A., Omonigbehin E. A and Tayo A. O.( 2009) Spermatotoxic impact of bonny light crude oil (BLCO) ingestion on adult male Swiss albino mice.Int J Phy Sci. 4:349–53.

Agarwa, A. and Said, T.M. (2005). Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in male infertility.A clinical approach. BJU Int. 95, 503-507.

Aitken, R.J. and Roman, S.D. (2008). Antioxidant system and oxidative stress in the testes.Oxid.Med. Cell Longev. 1:15-24.

Asagba, S.O. (2010). Alteration in the activity of oxidative enzymes in the tissues of male wistar albino rats exposed to cadmium.Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 23(1):55- 62

Asagba, S.O.and ,Eriyamremu, G.E.(2007). Oral cadmium exposure and levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid peroxidation and ATPases in the eye. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 1(4):204-209.

Banerjee, S., Ghosh, J. and Sil, P.C.(2016). Drug metabolism and oxidative stress: Cellular mechanism and new therapeutic insights. Biochem.Anal.Biochem. 5:255. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000255

Challand, S.and Willcox, M. A. (2009).Clinical trial of the traditional medicine Vernonia amygdalina in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. J.Altern. Compl. Med. 15: 1231-1237.

Chitra,K.C., Sujatha, R., Latchoumycandane, C.and Mathur, P.P. (2001). Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Asian J. Androl. 3:205-208.

Cohen, H.J., Betcher–Lange, S., Kessler, D.L., RajagopalanK.V. (1972). Hepatic sulphite oxidase congruency in mitochondria of prosthetic groups and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 247(2):7759-7766.

Crapo, J.D., McCord, J.M.and Fridovich, I. (1978). Preparation and assay of superoxide dismutases.Meth.Enzymol. 53: 382-393.

De Faria, A., Bettanin, F, Cunha, R.,Paredes-Gamero,E.J., Homem-de-Mello, P., Nantes, I.L. and Rodrigues, T. (2015). Cytotoxicity of phenothiazine derivatives associated with mitochondrial dysfunction: A structure-activity investigation. Toxicology 330: 44-54.

Ebokaiwe, A.P.and Farombi, E.O. (2016). Impact of heavy metals in food products from crude oil polluted area of Nigeria in testicular functions of wistar rats. J. Appl. Life Sci. Int. 5(2): 1-11doi :10.9734/JALSI/2016/25646

Egharevba. C., Osayemwenre, E., Imieje, V., Ahomafor, J., Akunyuli, C., Udu-Cosi, A.A., Theophilus, O., James, O., Ali, I. and Falodun, A. (2014) Significance of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) In Tropical Diseases and Beyond: A Review. Malar Chemoth Cont. 3: 120. doi:10.4172/2090-2778.100012

Ellman,G.C. (1959).Tissue sulflydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.82:70–77.

Fasakin, F. and Aluko, C.C. (2011). Antioxidant properties of chlorophyllenriched and chlorophyll-depleted polyphenolic fractions from leaves of Vernoniaamygdalina and Gongronemalatifolium.Food Res. Int. 44: 2435–2441.

Fraga, C.G. (2007). Plant polyphenols: how to translate their in vitro antioxidant actions to in vivo conditions. IUBMB Life. 59: 308-315.

Gandhi, A., Moorthy, B. and Ghose, R. (2012).Drug disposition in pathophysiological conditions.Curr.Drug Metab. 13:1327-1344.

Gonzalez-Flecha, B. (2004).Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles. Mol. Asp. Med. 25:169-182

Gutteridge,J.M.C.and Wilkins, C. (1982). Copper dependent hydroxyl radical damage to ascorbic acid formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive products. FEBSLett. 137:327–340.

Habig,W.H., Pabst,M.J. and Jakoby,W.B. (1974). Glutathione -s-transferases: first enzymic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 249:7130–7139.

Han,X.D., Tu,Z.G., Gong, Y., Shen,S.N., Wang,X.Y., Kang,L.N., Hou,Y.Y.and Chen,J.X. (2004).The toxic effects of nonylphenol on the reproductive system of male rats.Reprod. Toxicol. 19(2):215-221.

Henkel, R.R.(2011).Leukocytes and oxidative stress: dilemma for sperm function and male fertility Asian J. Androl. 13:43-52

Hirota, T., Ieiri, I. 2015.Drug-drug interactions that interfere with statin metabolism.Expert Opin.Drug Metab.Toxicol.11:1435-1447.

Ita,S.O., Effiong,E.F., Okon, M.S., Robert,A.S.and Francis, U.E. (2018). Impact of Crude Oil-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation on spermatogenesis: The anti-oxidative role of Ageratum conyzoides. J. Rep.Endocrinol. Infert. 3:1:26.

Kadiri, H.E. (2017). Protective effect of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) extract on rats exposed to cyanide poisoning. Biokemistri 29:126-131.

Kaur, P., Kaur, G.and Bansal,M.P. (2006). Tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress and male reproductive activity in mice: Role of transcription factor NF-kappaB and testicular antioxidant enzymes. Rep. Toxicol. 22:479–484

Khan,M.R., Rizvi, W., Khan, R.A.and Sheen, S. (2009). Carbon tetrachloride induced nephrotoxicity in rats: protective role of Digeramuricata. J.Ethnopharmacol. 122:91–99.

Kisin,E.R., Yanamala, N., Farcas,M.T., Gutkin,D.W., Shurin,M.R., Kagan,V.E., Bugarski, A.D.and Shvedova,A.A. (2015). Abnormalities in the male reproductive system after exposure to diesel and biodiesel blend. Environ. Mol. Mut. 56(2):265-276.

Lolodi, O.and Eriyamremu,G.E. (2013).Effect of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (Common Bitter Leaf) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats exposed to cycasin. Pak J Biol Sci. 16:642-646. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein Measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.J BiolChem, 193(3), 265–275

Macleod,R.M., Farkas, W., Fridovich, I.and Handler, P. (1961). Purification and properties of hepatic sulphite oxidase. J. Biol. Chem.236:1841– 1846.

MacLeod, J. (1943).The role of oxygen in metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa. Am. J. Physiol. 138:512-518

Maneesh, M., Jayalakshmi, H., Dutta, S., Chakrabarti, A. and Vasudevan, D.M. (20050. Experimental therapeutic intervention with ascorbic acid in ethanol induced testicular injuries in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 43:172–176

Masaba, S.C. (2000). The antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del (Compositae). Trans R. Soc. Trop. Med.Hyg. 94: 694-695.

McEwen, C.M. (1971). Monoamine oxidase (human serum or plasma). In: Colowick,S.P., Kaplan,N.O.(Editors). Methods in Enzymology. New York: Academic Press. PP 692–693.

Misra,H.P.and Fridovich,I.(1972).The role of superoxide ion in the auto-oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J. Biol. Chem.247:3170– 3175.

NRC (National Research Council) ( 2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.8th ed. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy Press.

Oboh, G., Raddatz, H.and Henle, T. (2008). Antioxidant properties of polar and non-polar extracts of some tropical green leafy vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88: 2486-2492.

Oduola, T., Adeniyi, F.A.A., Adenaike, F.A.,Ogunyemi, E.O., Bello, I.S. and Idowu, T.O. (2009).Haematological response to intake of unripe Caricapapaya aqueous extract.IJMR 1:20–25.

Ohigashi, H., Jisaka, M, Takagaki, T, Nozaki, H., Tada, T, Huffman, M. A, Nishida,T, Kaji, M and Koshimizu, K.( 1991) Bitter principle and a related steroid glucoside from Vernonia-amygdalina: a possible medicinal plant for wild chimpanzees. Agric Biol Chem 55: 1201-1204.

Okpoghono, J., Achuba, F.I. and George, B.O. (2018a). Protective effect of Monodora myristica extracts on crude petroleum oil contaminated catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diet in rats. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 6(1) 117 - 122 https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.006

Okpoghono, J., George, B.O. and Achuba, F.I. (2018b). Assessment of antioxidant indices after incorporating crude oil contaminated catfish and African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) extracts into rat diet. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 22(2) 97 – 202.

Omarov, R.T., Sagi, M. and Lips, S.H. (1998).Regulation of aldehyde oxidase and nitrate reductase in roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by nitrogen source and salinity.J. Exper. Biol. 49:897-902.

Oyedeji,K.O., Bolarinwa,A.F. and Azeez, A.A. (2013). Effect of methanolic extract Of Vernonia amygdalina on reproductive parameters in male albino rats. Asian J. Pharm.Clin.Res.6 (2): 234-236

Paolicchi, A., Pezzini, A., Saviozzi, M., Andreuccetti, M, Chieli, E., Malvaldi, G.and Casini,A.F.(1996).Localization of a GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase in rat tissues and subcellular fractions. Arch Biochem Biophys. 333:489–495

Peltola, V., Huhtaniemi, I. and Ahotuppa, M. (1992).Antioxidant enzyme activity in maturing rat testes. J. Androl. 13(5)450-455

Plante, M., de Lamirande, E.and Gagnon, C. (1994).Reactive oxygen species released by activated neutrophils, but not by deficient spermatozoa, are sufficient to affect normal sperm motility. Fert. Ster. 62:387-393

Saalu, L.C., Akunna, G.G. and Oyewopo, A.O. (2013).The histo-morphometric evidences of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract-induced testicular toxicity.Int. J. Morphol. 31(2) 662-667

Samanta, L.and Chainy,G.B. (1997). Comparison of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress in the testis of immature and adult rats. Comp. Biochem.Physiol. C Pharmacol.Toxicol.Endocrinol. 118(3):319-327.

Schulte,R.T., Ohl, D.A., Sigman, M.and Smith, G.D. (2010). Sperm DNA damage in male infertility: etiologies, assays, and outcomes. J. Assist.Reprod.Genet. 27(1):3-12.

Sonmez, M., Turk, G.and Yuce, A.(2005). The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on sperm quality, lipid peroxidation and testosterone levels of male Wistar rats. Theriogenology.63:2063–2072.

Tremellen, K. (2008). Oxidative stress and male infertility-a clinical perspective.Hum.Reprod, Update. (3):243-58. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmn004.

World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. (2010)WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, fifth edition. Available at: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/infertility/9789241547789/en/.

Wright, C. Milne, S. and Leeson, H. (2014). Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility.Reprod.Biomed. Online, 28: 684-703

Yin, S.H., Abdullah, S. and Phin, C.K. (2013).Phytochemical constituents from leaves of Elaeis guineensis and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Intl. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 5(Suppl 4)137-140

Zegers-Hochschild, F., Adamson,G.D., de Mouzon, J., Ishihara, O.and Mansour, R. (2009).The international committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary on ART terminology, 2009.

Human Reprod. 24 (11) 2683–2687, doi:10.1093/humrep/dep343

Zribi, N., Chakroun,N.F., Elleuch, H., Abdallah,F.B., Ben Hamida,A.S., Gargouri, J., Fakhfakh F.and Keskes, L.A. (2011). Sperm DNA fragmentation and oxidation are independent of malondialdheyde. Reprod. Biol.Endocrinol.14(9):47